作者：刘家斌, 王雪梅, 倪文波

作者单位：西南交通大学机械工程学院，四川 成都 610031

关键词：螺栓应力;超声回波;渡越时间;灵敏度系数;标定

摘要：

该文针对传统螺栓轴向应力-超声波渡越时间标定系统的局限性，基于声弹性效应研制一套自动化螺栓轴向应力-超声波渡越时间标定系统，主要包括机械结构、多路数据采集传输系统、加载控制系统和上位机软件4部分。系统采用双滑轨卧式机械结构，基于FPGA、NI数据采集卡和千兆以太网设计多路数据采集传输系统，能实时检测超声波在螺栓中的渡越时间、螺栓轴向应力、扭矩和环境温度等参数；基于交流伺服电机和LabVIEW设计加载控制系统，通过上位机监测和控制软件实现对螺栓的连续平稳加载和卸载。大量试验和数据分析结果表明：该系统能够方便快速地实现对螺栓轴向应力-超声渡越时间关系的灵敏度系数的标定和实时显示，重复准确度达±2%。

Research on automatic calibration system of bolt axial stress-ultrasonic time of flight
LIU Jiabin, WANG Xuemei, NI Wenbo
School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Abstract: Aiming at the limitation of traditional bolt axial stress-ultrasonic time-of-flight calibration system, an automatic bolt axial stress-ultrasonic time-of-flight calibration system is developed based on acoustic elasticity effect. The system mainly includes four parts: mechanical structure, multi-channel data acquisition and transmission system, loading control system and upper computer software. The system adopts double slideway horizontal mechanical structure, and designs a multi-channel data acquisition and transmission system based on FPGA, NI data acquisition card and Gigabit Ethernet, which can real-time detect the parameters such as the transit time of ultrasound in bolts, the axial stress of bolts, the torque and the ambient temperature of bolts. The loading control system is designed based on AC servo motor and LabVIEW techniques,and can realize loading and unloading of bolts continuously and smoothly by monitoring and controlling software of upper computer. A large number of experiments and data analysis results show that the designed system can quickly and conveniently calibrate the sensitivity coefficient of the relationship between axial stress of bolts and ultrasonic time of flight and display it in real time. The repetition accuracy is up to ±2%.
Keywords: bolt stress;ultrasound echo;transit time;sensitivity coefficient;calibration
2020, 46(3):91-96  收稿日期: 2019-08-28;收到修改稿日期: 2019-10-08
基金项目: 深圳市技术攻关项目（重20170413）
作者简介: 刘家斌(1995-),湖北荆门市人,硕士研究生,专业方向为基于超声波的螺栓应力测试技术
参考文献
[1] 江泽涛, 朱士明. 纵横波测已紧固螺栓轴向应力[J]. 应用声学, 2000, 19(1): 16-21
[2] GREOGRE C E. Ultrasonic method for determing axial stress in bolts[J]. Journal of Testing & Evaluation, 1986, 14(5): 253-259
[3] 温志明, 康向东. 电测法测定螺纹联接预紧力[J]. 煤矿机械, 2002(11): 79-80
[4] 储火, 石小岗. 螺栓轴力超声波测量技术中残余轴力的测量方法[J]. 精密成形工程, 2017(1): 119-124
[5] 徐春广, 李骁, 潘勤学, 等. 螺栓拉应力超声无损检测方法[J]. 应用声学, 2014, 33(2): 102-106
[6] HIRAO M, OGI H. Online texture monitoring of steel sheets[M]//Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers. 2017: 199-260.
[7] CASTELLANO A, FRADDOSIO A, MARZANO S, et al. Some advancements in the ultrasonic evaluation of initial stress states by the analysis of the acoustoelastic effect[J]. Procedia Engineering, 2017, 199: 1519-1526
[8] KAMYSHEV A V, MAKAROV S V, PASMANIK L A, et al. Generalized coefficients for measuring mechanical stresses in carbon and low-alloyed steels by the acoustoelasticity method[J]. Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing, 2017, 53(1): 1-8
[9] 徐春广, 李焕新, 王俊峰. 残余应力的超声横纵波检测方法[J]. 声学学报, 2017(2): 195-204
[10] 丁旭, 武新军. 在役螺栓轴力电磁超声测量系统的研制[J]. 无损检测, 2016, 38(6): 48-52
[11] CRECRAFT D I. Ultrasonic measurement of stresses[J]. Ultrasonics, 1968, 6(2): 117-121
[12] 贾雪, 王雪梅, 甘文成. 声弹性效应螺栓轴向应力标定试验研究[J]. 中国测试, 2018, 44(3): 72-75
[13] KIM N, HONG M. Measurement of axial stress using mode-converted ultrasound[J]. NDT&E International, 2009, 42(3): 164-169
[14] 张俊. 基于声弹性原理的超声波螺栓紧固力测量技术研究[D]. 杭州：浙江大学, 2005.
[15] 何存富, 吴克成. 温度对螺栓紧固应力超声测量的影响研究[J]. 实验力学, 1992, 7(3): 238-241
[16] 江泽涛, 张少钦, 胡景春, 等. 微机化的纵横波螺栓轴向应力检测仪研制[J]. 固体力学学报, 2001, 22(4): 415-420
[17] 孙国锋. 基于超声波技术的螺栓紧固轴力测量应用研究[D]. 杭州：浙江工业大学, 2012.